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Stone Balls Jackson South Will Rise Again

American fifty-cent slice (1925)

Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar

The states
Value 50 cents (0.50 Usa dollars)
Mass 12.5 g
Diameter 30.61 mm
Thickness 2.15 mm (0.08 in)
Edge Reeded
Composition
  • 90.0% silvery
  • x.0% copper
Silver 0.36169 troy oz
Years of minting 1925
Mint marks None, all coins struck at the Philadelphia Mint without mint mark
Obverse
Stone Mountain Half Dollar obverse.jpg
Design Portrait of Confederate Generals Robert East. Lee (right) and Stonewall Jackson (left)
Designer Gutzon Borglum
Design date 1925
Opposite
Stone Mountain half dollar reverse.jpg
Design Eagle perched on a mountain crag; inscription to the bravery of the soldiers of the Southward
Designer Gutzon Borglum
Pattern date 1925

The Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar was an American l-cent piece struck in 1925 at the Philadelphia Mint. Its master purpose was to raise money on behalf of the Stone Mount Amalgamated Monumental Clan for the Stone Mountain Memorial near Atlanta, Georgia. Designed by sculptor Gutzon Borglum, the money features a depiction of Confederate generals Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson on the obverse and the explanation: "Memorial to the Valor of the Soldier of the South" on the opposite. The piece was also originally intended to be in retention of the recently deceased president, Warren K. Harding, simply no mention of him appears on the coin.

In the early 20th century, proposals were fabricated to carve a large sculpture in memory of Full general Lee on Stone Mountain, a huge rock outcropping. The owners of Stone Mountain agreed to transfer title on status the piece of work was completed within 12 years. Borglum, who was, like others involved, a Ku Klux Klan member, was engaged to design the memorial, and proposed expanding it to include a colossal monument depicting Confederate warriors, with Lee, Jackson, and Amalgamated President Jefferson Davis leading them.

The work proved expensive, and the Association advocated the issuance of a commemorative half dollar as a fundraiser for the memorial. Congress canonical it, though to appease Northerners, the money was also made in honour of Harding, nether whose administration piece of work had commenced. Borglum designed the money, which was repeatedly rejected by the Commission of Fine Arts. All reference to Harding was removed from the design by order of President Calvin Coolidge.

The Association sponsored extensive sales efforts for the coin throughout the South, though these were hurt by the firing of Borglum in 1925, which alienated many of his supporters, including the United Daughters of the Confederacy. A 1928 inspect of the fundraising showed excessive expenses and misuse of money, and construction halted the same twelvemonth; a scaled-down sculpture was somewhen completed in 1970. Considering of the large quantities issued—over a meg remain extant—the Stone Mount Memorial half dollar remains inexpensive compared with other U.S. commemoratives.

Background [edit]

The beginning European-descended settlers inhabited the state around Stone Mountain, Georgia, today in the eastward Atlanta suburbs, around 1790. They called the large outcropping, most 2 miles (3.2 km) long and i,686 feet (514 m) loftier, "Rock Mountain". Rev. Adrel Sherwood of Macon, Georgia, commencement named it Stone Mountain in 1825. The town of New Gibraltar was founded nearby in 1839; its name would be changed to Rock Mountain past the Georgia Legislature in 1947. From about the fourth dimension of the American Civil War, the mountain was used as a quarry; this would not entirely cease until the 1970s.[ane]

John Gutzon de la mothe Borglum (normally chosen Gutzon Borglum) was built-in in Idaho Territory in 1867, to i of several wives of a Dane who had converted to Mormonism. Every bit a boy, Borglum lived in various places in the Far Due west. Turning to art as a career, he attended the San Francisco Fine art Academy, the Académie Julian, and the École des Beaux-Arts. Greatly influenced by Rodin, whom he met, Borglum switched from painting to sculpture in 1901. His Mares of Diomedes won a aureate medal at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, and became the first work of sculpture to be purchased by the Metropolitan Museum of Fine art.[2]

Inception [edit]

In 1914, editor John Temple Graves wrote in the Atlanta Georgian, suggesting the establishment of a memorial to Amalgamated General Robert Eastward. Lee on Stone Mountain, "from this godlike eminence let our Confederate hero calmly look history and the future in the face!"[3] Others who chosen for the establishment of a Confederate memorial there included William H. Terrell, an Atlanta chaser who believed that while the North had spent millions of dollars on monuments to the Wedlock, the South had non sufficiently honored Confederate heroes. Also active in the early on days of the Rock Mount proposal was Helen Plane (1829–1925), who had been a belle from Atlanta before the state of war, and whose husband had given his life at the Battle of Antietam in 1862. She devoted the rest of her life to preserving the memory of the Southern cause.[4]

The release of the motion-picture show The Birth of a Nation in 1915 sparked increased involvement in the Amalgamated cause in the Due south.[5] Plane, who was lifetime honorary president of the Georgia organization of the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC), asked Borglum to carve the epitome of General Lee on the mountain. The Stone Mountain project was initially a UDC endeavor.[4] [half-dozen] Officials originally contemplated a monument of perhaps 20 feet (6.1 m) by 20 feet (half dozen.i m). Putting that on Stone Mountain, Borglum supposedly stated, would be like putting a postage stamp on a befouled. He proposed a much larger sculpture, 200 feet (61 m) high and 1,300 feet (400 g) long, and drew up plans in his Stamford, Connecticut, studio.[7] He envisioned a huge delineation of the Amalgamated army, including artillery and infantry, too as 65 Confederate generals, v to be nominated by the governor of each Southern state.[6] In 1917, the Stone Mountain Confederate Monumental Association (the Association) was founded to publicize and raise funds for a colossal sculpture at Rock Mount.[8] Samuel H. Venable and his family, owners of the land, agreed to deed it over for a monument, on condition that if the project was non completed in 12 years, championship would revert to them. A formal dedication took place in May 1916;[vii] the preliminary work was interrupted by the US entry into World War I in 1917.[9]

Another organization which took an interest in the Stone Mountain piece of work was the recently revived Ku Klux Klan, of which both Venable and Borglum were members. The Klan, through much of the 20th century, held regular encampments on or near Stone Mountain.[half-dozen] Plane, in a 1915 letter to Borglum, stated that the original Klan had saved the South from "Negro domination" in the Reconstruction era, and suggested that the design include a small group of Klansmen in robes, seen in the distance, approaching.[10]

Outset in 1920, the project slowly came under the command of Atlanta businessmen, brought in to aid with the massive fundraising, and the UDC became marginalized.[xi] The piece of work on the sculpture resumed on June 18, 1923, when Borglum began etching Lee's effigy into the mountainside; he planned for General Stonewall Jackson and Amalgamated President Jefferson Davis to exist close by Lee. Borglum'south plans were for a huge sculpture depicting the Confederates, a memorial hall hewn from the granite at the base of the mount in which artworks and artifacts could exist displayed (as well equally rolls of honor listing the contributors) and a giant amphitheater nearby. He estimated the full cost at $three.5 million. Instead, the scope of the projection was scaled back, though different sources give varying price estimates and dimensions. Borglum signed a contract to complete the group of Lee, Jackson, and Davis inside three years for a toll of $250,000.[vii]

The work was expensive and by Nov 1923, the Clan decided to abet for a commemorative money which it could buy from the government at face value and sell at a premium as a fundraiser.[seven] Ii men each sought credit for coming upwardly with the thought for a money. Daniel W. Webb, executive secretary of the Association, said he had idea of it after finding an Alabama Centennial half dollar at home; journalist Harry Stillwell Edwards fabricated a similar claim and apparently collected a reward from the Association.[7]

Borglum'due south design for Stone Mountain

On November xvi, 1923, Edwards wrote to Bascom Slemp, secretary to President Calvin Coolidge (the previous president, Warren K. Harding, had recently died). Edwards arranged a coming together between the President and himself, clan president Hollins North. Randolph (an Atlanta lawyer and direct descendant of early president Thomas Jefferson), and Borglum.[12] [xiii] President Coolidge agreed to support authorizing legislation for a Rock Mountain coin.[seven]

Borglum later stated that the Association asked him to write to people in Washington considering of his contacts in the Republican Coolidge administration.[14] He wrote to the powerful Republican Massachusetts senator, Henry Cabot Guild, urging him to support legislation for a Rock Mountain commemorative coin; the appeal apparently worked, as belatedly in 1923 the committee chairmen having jurisdiction over coinage, Reed Smoot in the Senate and Louis Thomas McFadden in the Business firm of Representatives, introduced legislation for a Stone Mountain Memorial one-half dollar. McFadden later wrote that he sponsored the legislation considering of his friendship with Borglum. With the threat of sectional opposition if the coin only honored the South, the bill'due south sponsors included language making the new half dollar also in memory of the recently deceased Harding (an Ohioan), during whose presidency the renewed work had begun. The bill passed by unanimous consent in the House on March half-dozen, 1924, and in the Senate five days afterward; Coolidge signed information technology on March 17.[xv] [sixteen] The bill authorizing the coin read:

Exist information technology enacted past the Senate and Firm of Representatives of the The states of America in Congress assembled, That in celebration of the get-go on June 18, 1923, of the piece of work of etching on Rock Mount, in the State of Georgia, a monument to the valor of the soldiers of the South, which was the inspiration of their sons and daughters and grandsons and granddaughters in the Spanish-American and Globe Wars, and in memory of Warren G. Harding, President of the United states of America, in whose assistants the work was begun ...[17]

Preparation and design [edit]

The Children's Founders Roll medal

Borglum was busy betwixt the passage of the bill and the end of May 1924, first working on the Children's Founders Roll medal, and so the half dollar. The Children'southward Founders Roll was open to white children up to the age of 18 who contributed one dollar to the building of the monument. Borglum must still have been fine-tuning the monument'due south blueprint; Jackson'southward posture on the medal differs from that on the money.[18] Different the issued money, Borglum's models showed the front part of Davis'due south horse, although the Confederate president is unseen, and marching soldiers appear in the background.[19] Borglum met with Treasury Secretarial assistant Andrew Mellon who questioned first why "In God Nosotros Trust" appeared directly over Lee's head; Borglum responded that information technology was to pay tribute to the Confederates' religion. Mellon and then asked what the thirteen stars on the obverse represented; Borglum replied that those on the n side of the Mason–Dixon line could consider them to represent the thirteen original colonies (those s of it, the implication was, could consider them to exist a tribute to the Southern states). Mellon laughed and gave preliminary approval.[20] On July 2, Mellon showed the designs to President Coolidge; they were and then sent to the Commission of Fine Arts for its members' opinions.[18]

Borglum's original models for the half dollar

According to numismatists William D. Hyder and R.W. Colbert, "Borglum, to put information technology mildly, was a temperamental artist who managed to offend most anybody with whom he worked".[8] They note that "Borglum's past insolence had non left him in the good graces of the fine art customs" and his designs met a hostile reception at the committee.[18] Sculptor member James Earle Fraser, designer of the Buffalo nickel, rejected Borglum's initial design on July 22, viii days afterward they were received. The inscription on the reverse included a tribute to Harding; Fraser deemed it inartistic. Borglum submitted a second set on August 14, this was once again rejected; the commission criticized the design, which seemed to exist only a segment of a larger 1, rather than specifically designed to fit a half dollar. Borglum wanted to ignore what he deemed "damn fool suggestions", but the Association threatened to fire him if he did not complete the coin. Borglum was concerned the reverse was still too crowded, and proposed leaving off the eagle,[21] but infinite was saved when Coolidge did not like the reference to Harding, and it was omitted.[22] With the eagle withal in place on the contrary, Fraser finally approved the designs on October 10, 1924.[23] In all, Borglum made ix plaster models for the design.[20]

Even though all necessary approvals had been received, the Philadelphia Mint refused to proceed with preparations considering of the lack of the mention of Harding, which it believed was congressionally mandated. Borglum wired Coolidge on October 31, notifying him of the trouble; the President confirmed his approval of the design the following mean solar day.[24] Despite the support of the federal authorities for the coin, the Chiliad Ground forces of the Republic (GAR), an system of Matrimony Ceremonious War veterans, tried to prevent the issuance of a coin they believed honored treason by lobbying in late 1924 and early 1925.[25] Piece of work on the sculpture slowed (the caput of Jackson was so beingness carved) considering of the sculptor being distracted by designing the money, flaws in the rock on Rock Mountain, and the fact that the Association had ceased fundraising efforts in anticipation of a campaign to sell the coin. Revenues from the medal were not sufficient to run into expenses.[25]

The obverse of the one-half dollar depicts Confederate generals Lee and Jackson, the latter with head blank, mounted on horseback. Although both Lee and Jackson were respected in the North, Davis would non have been acceptable on a federal coin, and he was omitted, although he appears on the Children'south Founders Roll medal which Borglum adjusted for the obverse of the half dollar.[26] There are thirteen stars in the upper field of the obverse; they represent the thirteen states which either joined the Confederacy or had Confederate factions. Borglum's initials, "GB", are found on the extreme right of the piece, virtually the horses' tails. The reverse depicts an eagle with wings stretched, representative of liberty, perched upon a mountaintop. In that location are 35 stars in the field, supposedly to represent the number of states at the kickoff of the Ceremonious War, although there were in fact 34 in 1861, and there were 35 states merely from 1863 to 1864, between the admissions of W Virginia and Nevada.[5] [27]

Fine art historian Cornelius Vermeule, writing in 1971, noted that the one-half dollar represents an unusual circumstance in American art, where a designer uses a coin as a bozzetto or pocket-sized-calibration model of a work to be completed. Vermeule considered the children's medal a amend piece of work of fine art, due to the inclusion of Davis. He believed that Borglum'due south original pattern, earlier its rejection by the Commission of Fine Arts, was superior, every bit it included a sense of motion through the depiction of marching soldiers in the background, balanced by the inclusion of the head of Davis'south horse, though the Confederate president himself is unseen. Co-ordinate to Vermeule, the original design "would take made a magnificent coin, an unusual compression of monumentality and ability into a express and unorthodox historical space".[28]

Product and conflict [edit]

Borglum at the White Business firm, 1924

The Medallic Art Company of New York converted Borglum's models to coinage dies.[22] The first 1,000 Rock Mountain Memorial one-half dollars were struck on a medal printing at the Philadelphia Mint on January 21, 1925, the 101st ceremony of General Jackson's birth; Borglum and officials of the Clan were present. The beginning piece struck was mounted on a plate made of gold mined in Georgia for presentation to President Coolidge.[29] The second was mounted on a argent plaque, and presented to Secretary Mellon.[thirty] The residuum of the get-go k were placed in numbered envelopes; some were presented to officials or those involved in the Stone Mountain project.[31] Between January and March 1925, that mint struck 2,310,000 of the authorized mintage of 5,000,000, plus 4,709 pieces reserved for inspection by the 1926 Assay Commission.[22] Except for the offset thousand, for which Randolph paid in gold, the pieces were sent to the Federal Reserve Bank in Atlanta, which advanced the funds to purchase them from the government.[32]

Although the Association unveiled the completed caput of Lee on Jan 19, 1924 (the general's birthday), within months, its relations with Borglum had become strained. Technical problems over the medal and the work on the mount caused tensions, and political differences between Borglum, a Republican, and Randolph, an agile Democrat, led to poor relations between the two. Borglum, Venable, and Randolph backed different KKK members for national leadership.[33] Both Borglum and the Association defendant each other of graft; the sculptor proposed that he form a syndicate to purchase the half dollars from the Mint and sell them with the profits to be applied straight to construction costs. Randolph ridiculed the proffer, stating that information technology would allow Borglum to carve "whatever he pleased on the mountain".[24] Borglum defendant Randolph of using donations for his ain benefit, and spending freely on an expense account.[v] These dissensions became public, and in February 1925, the Association fired Borglum.[33] Randolph stated, every bit one reason for dismissing the sculptor, that Borglum had taken seven months to design the coin, when, he said, any competent artist could accept done it in three weeks.[a] [18] He accused Borglum of delaying so that the Clan would be embarrassed.[34] According to Freeman, "despite all the points of conflict between Borglum and the committee, information technology was actually the commemorative coin that ended his career at Stone Mountain."[35]

Upon existence dismissed, Borglum wrecked his models for the monument; the Association sought to have him jailed for destruction of property.[33] Borglum was addressing the ladies of the Atlanta chapter of the UDC when his assistant, Jesse Tucker, burst in and hurried him out the door with a minimum of explanation, only moments before a sheriff'southward deputy arrived to serve the warrant.[36] He left the state, simply was arrested in Greensboro, Due north Carolina, though quickly allowed bail, and the Association abandoned extradition proceedings.[37] Freed, the sculptor soon took up a projection in South Dakota, Mountain Rushmore.[26] The publicity surrounding these events hurt the Association's fundraising, as did allegations that the Association had misused hundreds of thousands of dollars put aside for the projection.[38]

Marketing and distribution [edit]

The Association hired Augustus H. Lukeman as replacement sculptor;[39] all of Borglum's piece of work was eventually blasted away.[xl] Despite the dispute with Borglum, the Association proceeded to market the half dollars; it hired New York publicist Harvey Hill to run the campaign.[16] The Association hoped for the opportunity to present the showtime money to President Coolidge in person every bit a means of overcoming the bad publicity; White Firm officials warily declined, writing that "no adept purpose would be served past a formal presentation".[41] The one-half dollars were officially released on July 3, 1925 (though some were displayed equally early on equally May);[22] they were sold at a price of one dollar.[16] They were sent to 3,000 banks by the Federal Reserve, with the gain from sales credited to the Association.[32] White Southerners applauded the piece as symbolizing sectional reconciliation, the federal government paying homage to the South'south Confederate heritage.[42]

The coins were to be distributed through banks, and the Federal Reserve Organization cooperated past moving coins as needed, though at the Association's expense. The Association prepare up local affiliates, with organizations throughout the Southward, also as Oklahoma and the District of Columbia. Each state'due south governor served as nominal caput of the organization within his jurisdiction; on July 20, 1925, at a meeting of the Conference of Southern Governors called for the purpose, they (or their representatives) resolved that the Association classify sales quotas amidst the states on the "basis of white population and banking concern deposits".[43] [44] The pieces were to be sold at the price of one dollar, and local organizations were to generate promotions for selling them. The overall drive to sell half dollars was dubbed the "Harvest Campaign"[43] [45] and began with the governors' meeting in July 1925. Georgia Governor Clifford Walker told his colleagues that the "South would be eternally disgraced if it failed to accept the challenge" of coming together the sales goal of 2,500,000 coins; nevertheless, the governors devoted trivial time to the campaign.[44]

Although volunteer enthusiasm was essential to the Clan's plans in the Harvest Entrada, it did not rely on it at the higher levels; the state chairs were compensated, both by salary and commission. J.Due west. Gibbes, clerk of the Southward Carolina Business firm of Representatives, was hired as that land's executive director; he undertook to sell 100,000 coins and received just under $3,500 in salary and commissions, all paid in 1926. Local volunteers organized Chamber of Commerce luncheons to sell coins throughout the Due south; chapters of the UDC purchased pieces to present to surviving Civil State of war veterans.[46] The quota for Florida was 175,000 coins, with each boondocks and city apportioned its share. Often, Kiwanis or Rotary groups underwrote local quotas.[47] Mrs. N. Burton Bass of Atlanta was reported to be the leading seller, once disposing of 233 coins in an afternoon. A serial of dance balls honored the UDC members who sold large numbers of pieces. Nonetheless, Hyder and Colbert suggested that there was "a general lack of more than ladies such as Mrs. Bass"; many municipalities had trouble finding local chairs.[48] Exterior the South, sales were promoted by 3 professional publicists hired by the Association.[49] To continue public interest high, the Association released Lukeman'south conceptions for Stone Mountain, which were on a smaller scale than Borglum's.[50] Lukeman conceived a scaled-downwards concept, of the three Confederate leaders on horseback.[v] Despite the campaign, sales were slower than expected.[51] In late 1925, the Association offered Northern banks a commission of vii cents a coin; it is uncertain if whatsoever took upwards the offering.[52] The standing opposition of the GAR to the coins dampened sales in the Northward,[53] and at that place was considerable criticism of the money issue in newspapers.[54]

Counterstamped Stone Mountain Memorial half dollar

One ways of fundraising that Harvest Campaign administrators decided on was to counterstamp some of the coins for sale at premium prices. The letters and numbers are believed to take been punched by the Clan, as they are nearly entirely uniform. Some were given a land abbreviation and a number, and were sent to be auctioned in various towns. Gibbes reported that the counterstamped pieces sent to South Carolina sold for an average of $23, ranging from $10 to $110, and recommended that the auctions be preceded with the account of the sale of one in Bradenton, Florida, for $1,300.[55] Which town got which number was the luck of the depict.[56] Others were marked with "U.D.C." and a state abbreviation, together with a number which probably represents a membership or chapter number. These were intended for presentation to members deserving of special accolade, such as an outgoing president. They did non sell well, as the Association had alienated many UDC members over the firing of Borglum. The Association as well appear a program for sale to the Sons of Confederate Veterans, although whether any coins were sold under this program is unclear, equally none have been identified.[57] Pieces marked "G.Fifty." and "S.Fifty." were puzzled over by collectors for many years; A. Steve Deitert in the January 2011 edition of The Numismatist identified the markings as "Gold Lavalier" and "Silver Lavalier". These coins were given to canton winners and runners-up in a selling competition for young women.[58]

The Association sold coins through other means. They asked companies to buy them: the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad [B&O], the Southern Fireman's Fund Insurance Company, the Coca-Cola Visitor, and a number of banks, purchased thousands of pieces, many of which were given away as promotions.[59] Those exterior the South could obtain coins by orders passed through local banks.[sixty] A banking company in St. Louis gave away the one-half dollars to those who opened an business relationship with at least $5; the B&O used them in making alter.[47]

The Association called an terminate to the Harvest Campaign equally of March 31, 1926, most likely because the sales did non justify the continued salary expenses. Coins remaining at banks were to be sent to the Federal Reserve, and any credit balances remitted to the Association. Thereafter, coins were available either through the Association or the Federal Reserve at an increased price of $two. With a toll increase and the end to the campaign, sales plummeted. Total sales from the Harvest Campaign were about 430,000 pieces. One exception to the drop in sales was a bulldoze in New York under the sponsorship of Mayor Jimmy Walker, which succeeded in selling 250,000 coins in 1926, though at the original toll of ane dollar. Bernard Baruch, and so a prominent investor and afterward a counselor of presidents, was honorary chairman of the organizing committee, and personally subscribed for some of the pieces.[threescore] [61]

Backwash [edit]

The Atlanta affiliate of the UDC in 1927 published a brochure accusing the Clan of wrongfully firing Borglum and wasting betwixt a quarter and a half million dollars.[62] An inspect of the Association's books was performed in 1928; the examiners found its records in proficient guild, excepting those regarding the Harvest Campaign, which were inadequate. The inspect found that for every 3 dollars of revenue brought in from the half dollars, ii were paid out in expenses, a ratio Hyder and Colbert called "incredible".[63] Of the full sum raised by the Association, merely 27 cents of each dollar went to the etching.[64] Venable stated that the Stone Mountain monument had "adult into the most colossal failure in history".[62] [65]

The Association was discredited by the results of the inspect; the Georgia Senate voted to accuse it of gross mismanagement of funds. Randolph resigned when Venable fabricated it clear he would not negotiate an extension of the twelve-yr deadline unless he did. The Atlanta lawyer had begun a political career; the scandal finished it. With funds drying up, the Association stopped work on Rock Mountain on May 31, 1928, and when negotiations failed, the Venable family unit successfully sued to regain the property. Borglum was at present a folk hero in Atlanta; he was called upon to return to Stone Mountain in the early on 1930s, only busy with Mount Rushmore, he did non. At the fourth dimension of Borglum's death in 1941, no work was beingness done on Rock Mountain. The State of Georgia voted funds to purchase Rock Mountain in 1958 and v years later selected Walker Kirkland Hancock equally architect. The sculpture, which depicts Lee, Jackson and Davis, and bears only a resemblance to Borglum's original design, was defended in 1970.[65] [66] [67] At 90 feet (27 g) by 190 feet (58 m), it is the largest relief sculpture in the globe.[5]

In 1930, Secretary Mellon reported that although no Stone Mountain Memorial half dollars were held by the Mint, it was his understanding that big quantities of the piece were in the possession of banks. Eventually, arrangements were fabricated to return a million half dollars to the Mint for melting. In spite of this, the State of Georgia nevertheless had Stone Mountain half dollars for auction at its showroom at the 1933 Century of Progress Exposition.[lx] Many more were dumped into apportionment in the 1930s.[five] A quantity of half dollars in one case owned past Baruch were sold for $three.25 each through a Georgia depository financial institution in the 1950s to finance a edifice in honor of Baruch's mother, a Southerner, in Richmond, Virginia.[68] A total of 1,314,709 Rock Mountain Memorial half dollars were distributed, after deducting those pieces melted.[69]

Due to the large quantities extant, Stone Mountain Memorial half dollars remain inexpensive in comparison with other commemoratives. The 2014 edition of A Guide Book of Usa Coins lists the piece at $65 in Most Uncirculated condition (AU-fifty) with pieces in virtually-pristine MS-66 at $335.[69]

See also [edit]

  • Early Us commemorative coins
  • Half dollar (United States coin)

Notes and references [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Hyder and Colbert indicate out that few commemorative coins have been designed in every bit curt a span of time equally three weeks. Hyder & Colbert, p. four

References and bibliography [edit]

  1. ^ LaMarre, p. 34.
  2. ^ LaMarre, p. 35.
  3. ^ LaMarre, pp. 34–35.
  4. ^ a b Freeman, pp. 56–57.
  5. ^ a b c d due east f Flynn, p. 175.
  6. ^ a b c LaMarre, p. 36.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Bowers Encyclopedia, Office 47.
  8. ^ a b Hyder & Colbert, p. 2.
  9. ^ Swiatek & Breen, p. 227.
  10. ^ Freeman, pp. 61–62.
  11. ^ Freeman, pp. 66, 72.
  12. ^ Hyder & Colbert, p. 3.
  13. ^ Freeman, pp. 80–81.
  14. ^ Freeman, p. 81.
  15. ^ Hyder & Colbert, pp. 3–4.
  16. ^ a b c Slabaugh, p. 63.
  17. ^ Flynn, p. 350.
  18. ^ a b c d Hyder & Colbert, p. 4.
  19. ^ Taxay, pp. 75–76.
  20. ^ a b Freeman, p. 82.
  21. ^ Taxay, pp. 74–77.
  22. ^ a b c d Swiatek & Breen, p. 228.
  23. ^ Taxay, p. 77.
  24. ^ a b Hyder & Colbert, p. five.
  25. ^ a b Freeman, p. 83.
  26. ^ a b Slabaugh, p. 64.
  27. ^ Swiatek, p. 177.
  28. ^ Vermeule, pp. 169–170.
  29. ^ Bowers Encyclopedia, Part 48.
  30. ^ Hyder & Colbert, p. vi.
  31. ^ Flynn, p. 176.
  32. ^ a b Freeman, p. 99.
  33. ^ a b c Hale, pp. 33–34.
  34. ^ Freeman, p. 93.
  35. ^ Freeman, p. 84.
  36. ^ Freeman, p. 86.
  37. ^ "Lukeman is dead; a noted sculptor" (PDF). The New York Times. April 4, 1935. Retrieved March xviii, 2013. (subscription required)
  38. ^ Hale, p. 34.
  39. ^ Bowers Encyclopedia, Part 49.
  40. ^ Freeman, p. 111.
  41. ^ Hyder & Colbert, pp. 6–7.
  42. ^ Unhurt, p. 30.
  43. ^ a b Hyder & Colbert, p. vii.
  44. ^ a b Freeman, p. 100.
  45. ^ Swiatek & Breen, p. 229.
  46. ^ Hyder & Colbert, p. 9.
  47. ^ a b Jones, p. 396.
  48. ^ Hyder & Colbert, p. 12.
  49. ^ Freeman, p. 101.
  50. ^ Freeman, pp. 101–102.
  51. ^ Freeman, p. 103.
  52. ^ Freeman, p. 104.
  53. ^ Freeman, p. 107.
  54. ^ Jones, p. 395.
  55. ^ Swiatek, pp. 178–179.
  56. ^ Deitert, p. 39.
  57. ^ Hyder & Colbert, pp. 14–16.
  58. ^ Deitert, pp. 37–39.
  59. ^ Swiatek & Breen, pp. 228–229.
  60. ^ a b c Bowers Encyclopedia, Part 50.
  61. ^ Freeman, pp. 106–107.
  62. ^ a b Bowers Encyclopedia, Function 51.
  63. ^ Hyder & Colbert, pp. 17–18.
  64. ^ Freeman, p. 119.
  65. ^ a b Bowers Encyclopedia, Part 52.
  66. ^ Hyder & Colbert, pp. 18–19.
  67. ^ Freeman, pp. 116–119.
  68. ^ Hyder & Colbert, p. xix.
  69. ^ a b Yeoman, p. 291.

Books

  • Flynn, Kevin (2008). The Administrative Reference on Commemorative Coins 1892–1954. Roswell, Ga.: Kyle Vick. ASIN B001P1OOH8.
  • Freeman, David B. (1997). Carved in Stone: A History of Stone Mount. Macon, Ga.: Mercer University Press. ISBN978-0-86554-547-2.
  • Hyder, William D.; Colbert, R.W. (1985). The Selling of the Stone Mountain half dollar. Colorado Springs, Col.: American Numismatic Clan (pamphlet with reprint from March 1985 The Numismatist).
  • Jones, John F. (May 1937). "The Series of United States Commemorative Coins". The Numismatist. American Numismatic Association: 393–396.
  • Slabaugh, Arlie R. (1975). United States Commemorative Coinage (second ed.). Racine, Wis.: Whitman Publishing (and so a partitioning of Western Publishing Company, Inc.). ISBN978-0-307-09377-half dozen.
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Other sources

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  • Bowers, Q. David. "Affiliate viii: Silver commemoratives (and clad as well), Part 52". Commemorative Coins of the United States: A Complete Encyclopedia . Retrieved March 17, 2013.
  • Deitert, A. Steve (Jan 2011). "Unraveling the mystery of the counterstamped half dollars". The Numismatist. Colorado Springs, Col.: American Numismatic Association: 36–39.
  • Unhurt, Grace Elizabeth (Spring 1998). "Granite stopped fourth dimension: The Stone Mount memorial and the representation of white Southern identity". The Georgia Historical Quarterly. Lincoln, Pecker.: Georgia Historical Society. 82 (1): 22–44. JSTOR 40583695.
  • LaMarre, Tom (June 2002). "The Many Faces of Stone Mount". Coins. Iola, Wis.: Krause Publications, Inc.: 34–36, 38, 40, 69.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Mountain_Memorial_half_dollar